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Descriptions written in ordinary language can carry relationships that are difficult for a database to use directly. This study develops a grammar-based method for transforming annotations into semantic graph triples, with particular attention to the Resource Description Framework and topographic feature definitions.
The researchers analyse the words used to define approximately 334 feature types, group them by part of speech, and identify grammatical dependencies. The resulting information is stored in tables and mapped into triples and an ontology that can support structured queries. The report explains the progression from linguistic units to graph relationships, showing how grammar can help specify relations among objects and their properties.
Published in 2025, the complete report retains its methods, examples, diagrams, results, and references. It is useful to readers interested in natural language processing, geographic information, semantic data modelling, and the practical construction of knowledge graphs.
Dalia E. Varanka; Emily Abbott. Grammar to Graph—An Approach for Semantic Transformation of Annotations to Triples. U.S. Geological Survey, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255064. Public domain U.S. Government publication. Original agency, author and photograph credits retained.