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Passive samplers can collect dissolved cyanobacterial toxins over time, potentially revealing exposure patterns that a single water sample misses. This report evaluates that approach in three New York Finger Lakes and compares the laboratory methods used to analyse the collected material.
The researchers deployed solid phase adsorption toxin tracking samplers in Seneca, Owasco, and Skaneateles Lakes during 2019. The study compares enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry methods for several groups of cyanotoxins. It also examines preservative effects, differences between analytical techniques, and the limitations associated with low concentrations and complex sample matrices.
Published in 2025, the complete research report retains the original methods, results, tables, figures, and references. Readers interested in environmental chemistry and freshwater monitoring can follow both the promise of time-integrated sampling and the practical complications involved in turning those samples into comparable measurements.
Brett D. Johnston; Michael D.W. Stouder; Rebecca M. Gorney; Joshua J. Rosen; Kurt D. Carpenter; Bofan Wei; Gregory L. Boyer. Evaluation of Passive Samplers for Cyanotoxin Detection by Immunoassay and Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometry. U.S. Geological Survey, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255046. Public domain U.S. Government publication. Original agency, author and photograph credits retained.