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A change in groundwater level does not always reveal the full change in the amount of water stored underground. This study combines well measurements with repeat microgravity surveys to investigate aquifer storage around Rio Rancho, New Mexico, during 2019–23.
The researchers monitored water levels at 27 locations and established a 20-station gravity network. Gravity measurements provide another way to detect mass changes as an aquifer fills or drains. The report compares the two kinds of observations, examines storage properties, and considers why changes in soil moisture and the thick unsaturated zone can complicate their interpretation. It also discusses observations near the city’s direct-injection recharge facility.
Published in 2025, the complete report includes the study methods, data analysis, results, and references. Its original photographs and diagrams illustrate both the field instruments and the reasoning used to connect measurements at the surface with changes below it.
Jeffrey R. Kennedy; Meghan T. Bell; William G. Seelig. Aquifer Storage Change and Storage Properties, Rio Rancho, New Mexico, 2019–23. U.S. Geological Survey, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255040. Public domain U.S. Government publication. Original agency, author and photograph credits retained.